formatted and unformatted input and output functions

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 Managing Input and Output Operations:

1 . Introduction: -

  • In C programming, input and output (I/O) operations are handled through standard library functions defined in <stdio.h>.
  • Input means taking data from the user (keyboard, file, etc.) into the program.
  • 'Output' means displaying data (on screen, file, etc.).
  • C does not have built-in I/O keywords. instead, it uses functions like printf( ), scanf( ), getchar( ), putchar( ), etc.
  • C treats all Input/Output as streams.  Stream is a sequence of bytes flowing between the program and devices (keyboard, screen, files, etc.).
  • There are three standard streams:

                a) stdin — standard input (keyboard)

                b) stdout — standard output (screen / console)

                c) stderr — standard error (screen, for errors messages)

  •  All I/O functions require #include <stdio.h>

 

2. reading a Character: -

  • We can use the function getchar( ) to read a single character from the user.

Example: -

output: -


3 . Writing a Character: -

  • We can use the function putchar() to display a single character on the screen.

Example: -

output: -



4 . Non-formatted input/output functions: -

  • Non-formatted Input/output functions handle characters and strings directly without formatting.
  • Commonly used functions:

                    a) getchar( ) → Reads a single character.

                    b) putchar( ) → Writes a single character.

                    c) gets( ) → Reads a string .

                    d) puts( ) → Writes a string.

Example: -

output: -



5 . formatted input/output functions: -

  • Formatted Input/Output functions allow structured input and output with formatting.
  • Commonly used functions:

                    a) scanf( ) → Reads input in specified format.

                    b) printf( ) → Displays output in specified format.

Example: -


output: -



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