2.1 Control statements in C programming (sequential & conditional)

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Control statements in C: -

  • C is a structure-orientated programming language; the statements that are used to control the flow of execution of a program are called control structures.
  • The statements provide a specific order to execute the C program.
  • In C programming, we have four types of control structures.

    1. Sequential control structures
    2. Conditional control structures
    3. Iterative control structures
    4. Jumping control structures

 

1) Sequential control structures: -

  • The C program is a collection of instructions or set of statements which are executed sequentially in a user-specific order.
  • No statement is slipped, and no statement is executed more than once. 

             Syntax: -


            Flow chart: -

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1) Conditional control structures: -

  • It is also known as selection, branching, and decision-making statements.
  • It selects a statement to execute on the basis of condition.
  • Statements get executed when the condition is true and execute alternative statements or get ignored when it is false.
  • In C, we have 5 types of conditional control statements.

 

                a. Simple if statement.

                b. If-else statement.

                c. Nested if statement.

                d. Else-if ladder statement.

                e. Switch statement.

 

a) Simple if statement: -

  • Simple if is a conditional control statement which works on a condition to select a simple statement.
  • If the given condition is true, it gives the statement under the condition.
  • If the given condition is false, the statements are ignored to display any statement.
  • There is no alternative statement in a simple if because it is a one-way decision-making statement.
  • In simple-if, one initialisation, one condition and one statement get executed.

            Syntax: -

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2) If-else statement: -

  • If-else is a conditional control statement which is an extension of simple-if and works on one condition to select a simple statement.
  • There is an alternative statement in the if-else statement because it is a two-way decision-making statement.
  • If the given condition is true, then the if-block statement gets executed.
  • If the given condition is false, then the else-block statement get executed.
  • In if-else, one initialisation, one condition, two statements and one statement get executed.

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Flow chart: -

Example: -

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3) Nested if statement: -

  • The nested if is a conditional control statement; it works on more than one condition to select a simple statement.
  • A nested if means an if statement inside the if statement.
  • If the given condition is true, then another if-block statement executes.
  • If the given condition is false, then another if-block statement executes.
  • It is used when we need to test multiple conditions, where one condition depends on another condition.
  • In a nested if, one initialisation, more than one condition and one statement get executed.

            Syntax: -

            Flow chart: -

                Example: -

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4) Else-if ladder statement: -

  • An else-if ladder is a conditional control statement which is used to check multiple conditions in sequence.
  • Conditions are independent; only one block executes.
  • The program checks conditions from top to bottom. Once a condition is found true, its block is executed, and the rest of the ladder is skipped.
  • In an else-if ladder, there is one initialisation, more than one condition, and more than one statement, but only one statement get executed.

            Syntax: -

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            Example: -

Output: -



5) Switch statement: -

  • The switch statement is a multi-way conditional control statement.
  • It is also known as a selective switch statement.
  • The control statement that allows the user to make a decision from the number of choices is called a switch statement.
  • We can also use the keywords 'case', 'break', and 'default' to provide multi-selection of statement choices.
  • It is similar to if-else-if ladder, but the only difference is that in if-else-if multiple conditions are specified, while in a switch case only one condition is specified.

            Syntax: -

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                Example: -

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