4.1 Basics of Networking

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Basics of Networking: -

  • A computer network is a group of computers linked to each other that enables the computer to communicate with another computer and share their resources, data, and applications.
  • Computer Networks are divided several classes regarding the size, distance and the structure.
  • A computer network is mainly of three types:

                    1. LAN (Local Area Network)


                    2. MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)


                    3. WAN(Wide Area Network)


                    4. WLAN(Wireless Local Area Network)
 

1) LAN (Local Area Network): -

  • A Local Area Network (LAN) is a group of computer and peripheral devices which are connected in a limited area such as school, laboratory, home, and office building.
  • It is a widely useful network for sharing resources like files, printers, games, and other application.
  • LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers through a communication medium such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.
  • The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area Network.
  • Local Area Network provides higher security.



2) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): -

  • A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic area by interconnecting a different LAN to form a larger network.
  • Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private industries.
  • MAN is a network spread over a city, college campus or a small region.
  • In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone exchange line.
  • The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS232, Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN, OC3, ADSL, etc. MAN can be built by connecting several LANs.




3) WAN (Wide Area Network)/Internet: -

  • A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical area such as states or countries.
  • A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it spans over a large geographical area through a telephone line, fibre optic cable or satellite links.
  • WAN is typically a network of many LANs, MANs and WANs.
  • The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.
  • A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government, and education.



4) WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network): -

  • WLAN stands for Wireless Local Area Network.
  • WLAN is a local area network that uses radio communication to provide mobility to the network users while maintaining the connectivity to the wired network.
  • A WLAN basically, extends a wired local area network. WLAN's are built by attaching a device called the access point(AP) to the edge of the wired network.
  • Most latest brands are based on IEE 802.11 standards, which are the WIFI brand name.



Internet: -

  • A network of networks is called an internetwork, or simply the internet.
  • It is the largest network in existence on this planet.
  • The internet hugely connects all WANs and it can have connection to LANs and Home networks.
  • Internet uses TCP/IP protocol suite and uses IP as its addressing protocol.
  • Present day, Internet is widely implemented using IPv4. Because of shortage of address spaces, it is gradually migrating from IPv4 to IPv6.
  • Internet enables its users to share and access enormous amount of information worldwide.
  •  It uses WWW, FTP, email services, audio and video streaming etc. At huge level, internet works on Client-Server model.
  • Internet uses very high speed backbone of fiber optics. To inter-connect various continents, fibers are laid under sea known to us as submarine communication cable.

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