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  Comparing arrays: - A relational operator returns either TRUE or FALSE. Relational operator like >, >=, <, <=, ==, != can be used for comparing two arrays of same size.                Example: -                     Output: - Advanced indexing: - Advanced indexing returns a copy of data. It is of two types:                    1.  Integer indexing.                    2.  Boolean indexing.   1) Integer indexing: - Integer indexing in NumPy means accessing elements of an array using integer values that represent their positions (indices) in the array. It allows you to select specific elements from an array based on their index numbers, rather than slicing a continuous range.            ...

  Mathematical functions in NumPy: - We can perform arithmetic operations using various arithmetic functions such as add( ), subtract( ), multiply( ) and divide( ). We can also apply many other mathematical functions like sqrt( ), exp( ), abs( ) etc. on the array elements. The various functions that can be used on NumPy arrays are: Function Meaning add(a, b) Compute addition element-wise of two arrays subtract(a, b) Compute subtraction element-wise of two arrays multiply(a, b) Compute multiplication element-wise of two arrays divide(a, b) Returns true division of elements element-wise power(a, b) Returns power value element-wise (a raised to power b) sum(x) Returns sum of all elements in the array x prod(x) Returns product of all elements in the array x min(x) Returns sm...

  Basic arithmetic operations on NumPy arrays: - In Python, we can perform various mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division etc. over the array elements. Python language also provides math module that can be applied to array elements. The math module is a standard module in the Python; by importing it we can access different mathematical functions.                Example: -                          Output: -

  Utility Software: - Utility software is a type of system software designed to help analyze, configure, optimize, and maintain a computer. Utility software supports the infrastructure and core functionality of the operating system. The primary Goal of utility software is to run the computer smoothly, efficiently, and securely. The four major types of utility software:                    1.  Antivirus                    2.  Backup                    3.  File compression                    4.  System clean-up tools   1) Antivirus: - Antivirus software is a utility program that protects the computer from malicious software such as viruses, worms, Trojans, spyware, and ransomware. It designed to detect viruses, worms, troj...

 IOS: - iOS originally stood for "iPhone Operating System." iOS is a mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc in 2007. It is used in iPhones, iPads, iPod Touch, and Apple TVs. It is based on the macOS foundation and shares core technologies with Apple’s desktop operating system. iOS is a closed-source operating system, meaning only Apple controls its design and code. Applications for iOS are developed using Swift or Objective-C programming languages. It provides strong security features, such as encryption and Face ID/Touch ID. Apple regularly releases software updates to improve speed, privacy, and features. iOS has an intuitive design, focusing on simplicity and easy navigation. It integrates closely with other Apple services, like iCloud, iMessage, and Siri. The iOS system manages apps, memory, and battery efficiently for better performance. It provides high-quality graphics and a stable environment for gaming and multimedia. iOS features a user-friendly, intuitive i...

  Android operating system: - Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google. It is primarily designed for touchscreen devices like smartphones and tablets. It is mainly used in smartphones, tablets, smart TVs, and wearable devices. It is based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open-source software which provides security and stability. Android provides a rich application framework that allows developers to build innovative apps and games. The operating system supports multitasking, notifications, and integration with Google services like Gmail, Maps, and Drive. Applications in Android are developed using Java, Kotlin, or Flutter (Dart). The Google Play Store is the official app store for downloading Android apps. Android allows customization of the user interface, themes, and widgets. Android devices use Google services like Gmail, Maps, YouTube, and Drive. Each version of Android has a unique name and version number (like Android 10, 11, 12, etc.). I...

  MacOS: - macOS stands for “ Macintosh Operating System ”. It is the operating system designed by Apple Inc. specifically for Mac computers. The term “Mac” comes from Macintosh, the brand name of Apple’s personal computers. It was first introduced in 1984 as part of the original Macintosh. The operating system is paid, meaning it is not open-source like Linux. macOS is widely used in creative industries, software development, and professional environments. macOS is a graphical operating system developed by Apple Inc. for its Mac computers. macOS supports high-quality graphics and multimedia applications, making it popular among designers and video editors. It comes with a pre-installed set of applications like Safari, Mail, Calendar, Notes, and Photos. It uses a file system called APFS (Apple File System) for fast performance and data security. macOS allows software development with Xcode and supports programming languages like Swift, Objective-C, and Python. It is the primary o...

  Linux: - Linux is a free and open-source operating system based on Unix. It was created by Linus Torvalds in 1991. Linux is used in computers, servers, mobile devices, and embedded systems. It controls the hardware and software resources of a computer. The Linux kernel is the core part that interacts with the hardware. Linux provides a command-line interface (CLI) and a graphical user interface (GUI). It supports multitasking – running multiple programs at the same time. It is a multiuser system, meaning multiple users can use it simultaneously. Linux is highly secure and stable, which is why it is used in servers. It is portable, meaning it can run on different types of hardware. The source code of Linux is open, so anyone can modify or improve it. There are many distributions of Linux such as Ubuntu, Fedora, Red Hat, Debian, etc. Linux uses a file system hierarchy, starting from the root directory (/). It supports programming languages like C, C++, Python, Java, etc. Linux ...

  v   Basics of NumPy arrays: - Ø The basics of NumPy arrays consist of manipulating arrays to access the data and sub arrays, to split, reshape and join arrays. Ø The basic array manipulations are 1.       Attributes of arrays. 2.       Slicing and indexing of arrays. 3.       Reshaping of arrays. 4.       Joining and splitting of arrays.   1)     Attributes of arrays: - Ø The attributes of an array determine the size, shape, memory consumption and data types of an array. Ø Each array has attributes like ndim (no of dimensions), shape (size of each dimension), and size (total size of array). Ø N-dimensional array ( ndarray) is most important object defined in NumPy. Ø ndarray is a fixed size multi-dimensional container of elements of same type and size. Ø Ndarray attributes are: a.       ndarray....