4.7 Internet Fundamentals: IP, DNS, URLs, Browsers, Search Engines.

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 Internet: -

The Internet is a network of networks.

The Internet is a worldwide network that connects millions of computers, smartphones, servers, and other devices.

It allows people to:

  • Search for information
  • Send emails
  • Watch videos
  • Use social media
  • Make online payments
  • Attend online classes
  • Download and upload files


IP Address: -

  • IP stands for Internet Protocol.
  • An IP address is a unique numerical address given to a device connected to a network.
  • It helps identify the device and allows data to be sent to the correct destination.


Types of IP Addresses

1. IPv4

  • IPv4 uses 32 bits.
  • An IPv4 address contains four numbers separated by dots.
  • IPv4 provides approximately 4.3 billion addresses.

Example:

                            192.168.1.10


2. IPv6

  • IPv6 uses 128 bits.
  • IPv6 was introduced to provide a much larger number of IP addresses.

Example:

                        2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334


A public IP address is used to identify a network/device on the Internet.



A private IP address is used inside a local network. Each computer can have a private IP such as:

DNS: -

  • DNS stands for Domain Name System.
  • DNS converts a domain name into its corresponding IP address.
  • Computers communicate using IP addresses, but remembering IP addresses is difficult for humans.

Example:                         google.com


URL: -

  • URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator.
  • A URL is the address of a resource on the Internet.

      Resources can include:

  • Web pages
  • Images
  • Videos
  • Documents
  • Files

Example

https://www.example.com/student/login


Protocols tells the browser how to communicate with the server. Common protocols: 
  1. HTTP 
  2. HTTPS
  3. FTP

HTTP stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol.

It is used for communication between a web browser and web server.


HTTPS - Secured Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

HTTPS stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure.

It provides encrypted communication between the browser and server.


FTP - File Transfer Protocol

Domain Name identifies the website like www.example.com
Path identifies a particular page or resource on the website. (/student/login)


Web Browser: -

A web browser is a software application used to access and view websites on the Internet.

Examples

  • Google Chrome
  • Microsoft Edge
  • Mozilla Firefox
  • Apple Safari
  • Opera

Functions of a Web Browser

A browser can:

  1. Open websites
  2. Display web pages
  3. Download files
  4. Upload files
  5. Play videos and audio
  6. Store bookmarks
  7. Save browsing history
  8. Manage cookies
  9. Provide security warnings
  10. Run web applications

Search Engine: -

A search engine is an online service that helps users find information on the Internet.

Examples

  • Google
  • Bing
  • Yahoo
  • DuckDuckGo

Topic

Full Form

Main Purpose

Example

IP

Internet Protocol

Identifies devices on a network

192.168.1.10

DNS

Domain Name System

Converts domain name to IP address

google.com → IP

URL

Uniform Resource Locator

Address of an Internet resource

https://example.com

Browser

Web Browser

Accesses and displays websites

Chrome

Search Engine

Search service

Finds information on the Web

Google



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