File Systems & Organization

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 File Systems & Organization: Files, folders, extensions: 

 1) File System & Organization: -

  • A file system is a method for organising and storing files and data on computer storage that is used by an operating system (OS) to store, organise, retrieve, and control data on storage devices like HDD, SSD, USB drives, or memory cards.
  • It tells the computer where files are located or stored efficiently and how they can be accessed quickly and securely.
  • Files and folders are the fundamental components of this system, with file extensions providing information about a file's type.

                 Examples: FAT32, NTFS, exFAT, ext4, HFS+.

 

                FAT – File Allocation Table

                NTFS – New Technology For System

                exFAT – Extended File Allocation Table

                ext4 – Fourth Extended File System

                HFS+ - Hierarchical File System Plus

 

        Functions of a File System: -

  • It can store the data and organise data in a structured form.
  • It can manage file names, sizes, and locations.
  • It can handle file permissions like read, write, and execute.
  • It also prevents data corruption.

 

    2) Files: -

  • A file is a collection of data or information stored as a specific name on the computer.
  • A file can contain text, images, programs, audio, video, documents, or any other type of digital content.
  • Every file has a unique name and is stored at a specific location on the computer.
  • Each file has:

                    Name – it identifies the file.

                    Extension - it indicates the file type.

                    Attributes – it provides properties like read-only, hidden, system or archive.

                    Location – it provides where it is stored on the storage device.

                    Size  - it measures in bytes, KB, MB, and GB.


    File Naming Conventions: -

  • Use uppercase letters, lowercase letters, numbers or digits, hyphens (-), underscores (_), and spaces.
  • Avoid special characters like <, >,  /,  \,   :,  ;  *,  ?,  " ,  |
  • Do not start or end a filename with a space.
  • Names the file name meaningful. (e.g., Project_Report.docx).

 

Types of Files:

  •   A file extension is a group of letters written after a dot (.) that tells the operating system what type of file it is and which program can open it.

             Text Files (.txt, .docx, .pdf) – They contain readable characters.

            Binary Files (.exe, .jpg, .mp3) – They contain non-readable binary data.

            Program Files (.c, .py, .java) – it contains source code or executables.

            System Files (.sys, .dll, .ini) – it is used by the OS for functioning.

 

    3) Folders: -

  • A folder is also called a directory.
  • A folder is a container used to store and organise multiple files and other folders called subfolders.
  • Folders create a hierarchical or tree-like structure that makes it easier for the user to navigate and manage the data.
  • The hierarchy structure starts with a main or "root" directory and branches into subfolders and files.

 

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