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Constants: - A constant is a value that cannot be changed during the execution of the program. It is fixed, and once defined, its value cannot be modified by the program. A constant can be a number, a character, or a string. Constants are used to store values that must stay the same throughout the program. We can use constants for values like integers, floating-point numbers, characters, or enumeration values. A constant can belong to any data type, like int, float, or char. Syntax:                          const data_type variable_name; (or) const data_type *variable_name; Types of C constants:   C constants are mainly classified into two categories:               1.  Primary Constants               2.  Symbolic Constants   1) Primary Constants: - The primary constants are: ...

Conceptual Database Overview: - A database is an organised collection of structured data stored securely and permanently. It allows the user to create, insert, update, and delete the data. In a relational database, tables, fields, and records are the fundamental building blocks used to organise and store information. A database acts as a digital filing cabinet, where tables are the individual folders, records are the documents inside those folders, and fields are the specific pieces of information on each document.   1) Table: - A table is a collection of related data that is organized in a structured format of rows and columns. Each table represents a single entity type (e.g., Student, Employee, Customers, Products, Orders). Each table has a unique name and is defined by the fields in it. This separation helps maintain data integrity and makes it easier to manage and query information. For example, a database for a school might have separate tables for Students, Co...

Processing HTML Files: -      Text Data: - Text data is one of the most common forms of unstructured data. It includes: Web pages (HTML) Articles, books, essays Social media posts Emails, chat logs Research papers             To analyse or extract useful information from text, we use techniques from text processing                and Natural Language Processing (NLP).   HTML: - HTML  stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. It is a standard language which is used to design static web pages using a markup language. HTML is the combination of Hypertext and Markup language . Hypertext defines the link between the web pages. A markup language is used to define the text document within tag which defines the structure of web pages. Most of the markup languages (e.g. HTML) are human-readable. This language uses tags to define what manipulation has to be done on the text....

  File Systems & Organization: Files, folders, extensions:    1)  File System & Organization: - A file system is a method for organising and storing files and data on computer storage that is used by an operating system (OS) to store, organise, retrieve, and control data on storage devices like HDD, SSD, USB drives, or memory cards. It tells the computer where files are located or stored efficiently and how they can be accessed quickly and securely. Files and folders are the fundamental components of this system, with file extensions providing information about a file's type.                       Examples: FAT32, NTFS, exFAT, ext4, HFS+.                       FAT – File Allocation Table                     NTFS – New Technology For System    ...

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  Cloud Storage and  Local Storage: Applications in Business: -   Local Storage: - Local storage refers to storing data such as text, audio, video, graphics, animation, special characters, constants, mathematical expressions and numeric data on physical devices in our computer or other electronic devices. Local storage in business refers to storing business data such as customer contact information, sales records, financial statements, employee data, market research, operational metrics, raw information like customer feedback.  It can also stores the structured data, such as in spreadsheets, or unstructured, like text from surveys or social media post on physical devices like hard drives, SSDs, or company servers within the organization’s premises.  The business owns and manages the storage hardware.  Local storage provides faster access to large files, which is helpful for tasks like video editing, 3D rendering, and engineering design projects. It o...

  XML: - XML stands for Extensible Markup Language. It uses user-defined tags to store data. It is used to store and transport data in a structured, human-readable format. Python provides several libraries to read, write, and parse XML . Python is commonly done using the built-in xml.etree.ElementTree module. This module allows you to parse, create, modify, and save XML data easily. Here, ElementTree is used for parsing and creating XML, and minidom is used for pretty-printing XML. Example: - output: -

  Variables: - A variable is a data name or an identifier which stores a value that can be changed during the program execution.  Every variable might belong to any of the data types, like int, float, char, etc.  The name of a variable can be composed of letters, digits, and the underscore character. It must begin with either a letter or an underscore.  Variables are case-sensitive because uppercase and lowercase letters are distinct. C programming language also allows defining various other types of variables, like numeric array, character array, pointer, Structure, Union, Enumeration and etc.               Example: - sum, height, _value Declaring a variable in C: - Variable declaration means telling the compiler about the name and type of a variable before using it in the program. Variable declaration is the process of reserving a memory location and defining the type of data that will be stored in that locatio...